UV Spectroscopy 

UV spectroscopy, or UV-visible spectroscopy, is a type of spectroscopy that measures the absorption of ultraviolet and visible light by a sample.

UV light has a wavelength of 100-400 nm, while visible light has a wavelength of 400-700 nm.

*       Compounds with certain structures, such as conjugated double bonds, are more likely to absorb UV or visible light than other compounds.

*       UV spectroscopy can be used to determine the number of conjugated double bonds in a molecule or to study the interactions between molecules.

*       Used to Determine Purity of compound. (lmax = 1 → 100% pure)




IR Spectroscopy 

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy that measures the absorption of infrared radiation by a sample.

Infrared radiation has a wavelength of 700 nm to 1 mm.

*       Compounds with certain structures, such as functional groups, are more likely to absorb infrared radiation than other compounds.

*       IR spectroscopy can be used to identify the functional groups in a molecule or to determine the structure of a molecule.

*       IR spectroscopy can be used to study the hydrogen bonding interactions in a molecule or to study the conformation of a molecule.



NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool that can be used to identify and characterize molecules.

It works by measuring the resonance frequencies of the nuclei in the sample when they are placed in a magnetic field.

-        NMR spectroscopy is based on the principle that the nuclei of certain atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, have a magnetic moment. When these nuclei are placed in a magnetic field, they align themselves with the field. The frequency is known as Resonance Frequency.

*       1H NMR – Used to determine how many protons are present in the compound.

*       13C NMR – Used to determine how many Carbon atoms are present in the compound.

*       NMR can be used to determine the three-dimensional structure.



MASS 

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique that can be used to identify and characterize compounds. It works by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions.

*       MS can be used study the interactions between molecules.

*       Used to Determine the molecular weight of compound

*       Used to develop chemical structure of isolated compound.



Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Image
Isolation & identification of atropine & Quinine Isolation & identification of Atropine Isolation:  Moisten the powdered bark with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate and extract it with ether or benzene. The free alkaloids are extracted from the solvent and acidified with acetic acid. Discard the aqueous layer. Add sodium hydroxide to the organic layer to precipitate atropine sulfate. Filter, recrystallize, and purify the crystals with activated charcoal. Dissolve the atropine sulfate in dilute sulfuric acid and make it alkaline with ammonia. Atropine will precipitate as crystals. Wash and dry them at 45-55°C. Identification:  Vitali-Morin Test: Atropine + Small Amount of Con. HNO3  Evaporated to dryness in Waterbath. Residue is dissolved in 1 ml Acetone and few drops of freshly prepared Alcoholic KOH,  Observation: Violet Colour (Tropane Neuclus)  Isolation & identification of Quinine  Isolation  Here are some steps for isolating ...
Read more
Image
 General Method OF Isolation of Glycoside     Glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar (Glycone part) is attached to a Non-sugar (Aglycone) functional group via a Glycoside bond ( O/S/N/C). upon hydrolysis , glycosides are divided into a non – sugar group ( which have some pharmacological Action ) and a sugar moiety, which don’t have any pharmacological action.     Example: Anthraquinone, Coumarin, Flavonoid glycosides. Isolation  Sta-otto method  Find me powdered drag containing glycoside is extracted by successive extraction in a soxhlet apparatus with alcohol as solvent.  The thermolabile glycoside should be extracted at below 45 degree Celsius. The extract is treated with lead acetate to precipitate tannins and filtered it. To the filtrate hydrogen sulphide gas is passed, The excess of lead acetate is precipitated as lead sulphide. Pure component is determined by the spectroscopy method.
Read more
Image
 General Identification Test for ALKALOIDS  Identification Test for Quinine  Thalleoquin Test: Bromine Water and Ammonium solution is added to a small amount of Sample  Emerald Green colour confirms the presence of Quinine  Identification Test for Reserpine Sample is Treated with Vanillin in acetic acid  Violet colour confirms the presence of Reserpine.   
Read more