Isolation & identification of atropine & Quinine Isolation & identification of Atropine Isolation: Moisten the powdered bark with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate and extract it with ether or benzene. The free alkaloids are extracted from the solvent and acidified with acetic acid. Discard the aqueous layer. Add sodium hydroxide to the organic layer to precipitate atropine sulfate. Filter, recrystallize, and purify the crystals with activated charcoal. Dissolve the atropine sulfate in dilute sulfuric acid and make it alkaline with ammonia. Atropine will precipitate as crystals. Wash and dry them at 45-55°C. Identification: Vitali-Morin Test: Atropine + Small Amount of Con. HNO3 Evaporated to dryness in Waterbath. Residue is dissolved in 1 ml Acetone and few drops of freshly prepared Alcoholic KOH, Observation: Violet Colour (Tropane Neuclus) Isolation & identification of Quinine Isolation Here are some steps for isolating ...
IDENTIFICATION of GLYCOSIDES Chemical Test for Anthraquinone Glycosides Borntrager's Test: Process : Drug + Dil. H2SO4 + Ferric Chloride Boil in Water Bath and then cool Filter Extract with CCl4/Benzene Ammonium Sol Added Observation : Pink or Red Colour confirms the presence of Anthraquinone Moiety Chemical Test for Cardiac Glycosides Keller-kiliani test - Alcoholic extract of drug added with 3 ml of GAA. Added few drops of FeCl3 solution Added Concentrated H2SO4 OBSERVATION: Reddish brown layer is formed, which turns bluish green after standing due to the presence of Digitoxoside.
Shikimate Pathway The shikimate pathway is a metabolic pathway that synthesizes aromatic amino acids, such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, and a variety of other aromatic compounds, such as quinones, flavonoids, and lignin. Stages Stage 1: The synthesis of shikimate from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose 4-phosphate. This step is catalyzed by the enzyme 3-dehydroquinate synthase (DHS). DHS condenses PEP and erythrose 4-phosphate to form 3-dehydroquinate. 3-dehydroquinate is then reduced to shikimate by the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH). Stage 2: The conversion of shikimate to chorismate. The key enzymes in this stage are shikimate kinase (SK), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), chorismate synthase (CS), and chorismate mutase (CM). Stage 3: The conversion of chorismate to aromatic amino acids and other aromatic compounds. Chorismate can be converted to a variety of aromatic amino acids and other aromatic compounds, including ...
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